Gemstones:
Learn about gemstones and birthstones by using our Gemstone Guide.
January’s Garnet is celebrated as a symbol of protection, friendship, and new beginnings. Known as the “traveler’s stone” in folklore, it’s long believed to guard against harm and negativity—making it the perfect gem for anyone starting a new year or embracing a fresh chapter.
Garnet jewelry is especially popular for January birthdays and second anniversaries, whether it’s a classic garnet ring, a pair of rich red earrings, or a meaningful pendant. Garnet is also said to deepen bonds, spark self-confidence, and bring positive energy during winter’s slow start—making any piece a thoughtful way to show love or celebrate new beginnings.
Garnet Color Range:
Garnet Origins:
Major sources include Africa (Mozambique, Tanzania, Namibia), India, Sri Lanka, Brazil, the United States, and Russia.
When to Give Garnet:
February’s Amethyst is a symbol of peace, clarity, and inner strength. Revered since ancient times as a stone of protection and wisdom, amethyst was believed to ward off negativity, calm the mind, and encourage sobriety. Its rich purple color—ranging from soft lilac to deep violet—made it a favorite of royalty and spiritual leaders throughout history.
Amethyst jewelry is especially popular for February birthdays and sixth anniversaries, and makes a meaningful gift for anyone seeking balance or a fresh perspective. Amethyst is often given as a token of calm, intuition, and heartfelt friendship. Classic gift ideas include amethyst pendants, stud earrings, and stackable rings that showcase its vibrant purple hue.
Amethyst Color Range:
Amethyst Origins:
Major sources include Brazil, Uruguay, Zambia, South Korea, Russia, and the United States.
When to Give Amethyst:
March’s Aquamarine is treasured as a symbol of calm, hope, and youthful renewal. Named for the Latin “water of the sea,” this serene blue stone was once believed to keep sailors safe and bring happiness in marriage. Its tranquil color—from pale blue to greenish blue—makes it especially popular in spring jewelry and for anyone seeking clarity or new beginnings.
Aquamarine jewelry is perfect for March birthdays, nineteenth anniversaries, or as a peaceful gift for those going through life changes. Aquamarine pendants, drop earrings, and sleek stackable rings are all stylish choices that show off its signature sea-blue color.
Aquamarine Color Range:
Aquamarine Origins:
Brazil (the largest source), Nigeria, Madagascar, Zambia, Pakistan, Mozambique, and the United States (notably Colorado and Wyoming).
When to Give Aquamarine:
Bloodstone is the traditional alternate birthstone for March, valued for vitality, courage, and good fortune. Known for its deep green body flecked with red spots, Bloodstone has been considered a powerful talisman for centuries—worn to increase energy, protect from harm, and promote health. In ancient lore, it was believed to stop bleeding and give the wearer strength in adversity.
Bloodstone jewelry makes a meaningful gift for March birthdays, athletes, or anyone needing a boost of stamina and resilience. Popular options include men’s signet rings, cabochon pendants, or beaded bracelets that highlight its earthy, dramatic look.
Bloodstone Color Range:
Bloodstone Origins:
India (primary modern source), Brazil, Australia, China, and the United States.
When to Give Bloodstone:
April’s Diamond is prized as the ultimate symbol of enduring love, strength, and clarity. Its name comes from the Greek “adamas,” meaning “unbreakable.” Diamonds have been cherished for centuries for their brilliance and purity—making them a timeless gift for celebrating April birthdays, engagements, and life’s most meaningful milestones.
Diamond jewelry is especially popular for April birthdays, tenth and sixtieth anniversaries, and as heirloom pieces passed down through generations. Diamonds are said to strengthen relationships, enhance inner strength, and offer clarity—perfect for commemorating new beginnings or lifelong commitments. Classic diamond solitaires, stud earrings, and tennis bracelets remain iconic favorites.
Diamond Color Range
Diamond Origins
Major sources include Botswana, Russia, Canada, South Africa, Angola, Australia, and Namibia.
When to Give Diamond
May’s Emerald is celebrated as a symbol of renewal, hope, and flourishing love. Prized for its lush green color, emerald’s name comes from the Greek word “smaragdos,” meaning “green gem.” Legends claim emeralds bring wisdom, growth, and harmony—making them the perfect gift for spring birthdays or anyone embracing a fresh start.
Emerald jewelry is especially popular for May birthdays and twentieth or thirty-fifth anniversaries. Emeralds are said to open the heart, strengthen relationships, and inspire creativity. Classic emerald rings, halo earrings, and elegant pendants make memorable gifts to celebrate life’s vibrant moments.
Emerald Color Range
Emerald Origins
The most celebrated emeralds come from Colombia. Other major sources include Zambia, Brazil, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, and Russia.
When to Give Emerald
June’s classic Pearl represents purity, wisdom, and new beginnings. As the only birthstone created by living creatures, pearls have been treasured for centuries as a symbol of sincerity and serenity. In many cultures, they are believed to bring good luck and foster happy relationships—making them a timeless gift for weddings and life milestones.
Pearl jewelry is especially popular for June birthdays and thirtieth anniversaries. Classic pearl strands, delicate stud earrings, and modern pearl rings are all meaningful ways to celebrate those you love.
Pearl Color Range
Pearl Origins
Major sources: Japan, China, French Polynesia (Tahitian pearls), Australia, and the Philippines.
When to Give Pearl
Moonstone is a mystical June birthstone symbolizing intuition, inspiration, and feminine energy. Admired for its glowing, opalescent sheen (called adularescence), moonstone has been used as a talisman for travelers and lovers for centuries. Its soft, ethereal beauty makes it especially popular in bohemian and vintage-inspired jewelry.
Moonstone jewelry is a meaningful gift for June birthdays, creative souls, or anyone seeking balance and new beginnings. Popular styles include moonstone pendants, stackable rings, and delicate earrings.
Moonstone Color Range
Moonstone Origins
Main sources: Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar, Madagascar, and Tanzania.
When to Give Moonstone
June’s rarest birthstone, Alexandrite is famed for its dramatic color change—from green in daylight to purplish-red in incandescent light. Discovered in Russia’s Ural Mountains and named after Czar Alexander II, it symbolizes luck, creativity, and embracing life’s transformations. Alexandrite’s unique magic has made it a coveted collector’s stone and an unforgettable gift.
Alexandrite jewelry is perfect for June birthdays, significant milestones, or for anyone who appreciates rare beauty. Classic picks include color-changing rings, elegant pendants, and unique designer pieces.
Alexandrite Color Range
Alexandrite Origins
Classic Russian sources are rare today; modern Alexandrite comes primarily from Brazil, Sri Lanka, East Africa, and Madagascar.
When to Give Alexandrite
July’s Ruby is world-renowned as a symbol of passion, courage, and lasting love. The name comes from the Latin ruber, meaning “red”—and ruby’s vivid hue has inspired kings, poets, and lovers for millennia.
Associated with vitality, confidence, and powerful emotions, rubies are believed to protect the wearer from harm and attract good fortune.
Ruby jewelry is especially popular for July birthdays, fortieth anniversaries, and romantic milestones. Classic gifts include vibrant ruby rings, pendant necklaces, and earrings that showcase the stone’s fiery red glow—making every piece a bold statement of devotion or celebration.
Ruby Color Range
Ruby Origins
Key sources include Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Sri Lanka, Mozambique, Madagascar, Vietnam, and Tanzania.
When to Give Ruby
August’s Peridot shines as a symbol of renewal, growth, and warmth. Known as the “evening emerald,” its fresh green color was treasured by ancient Egyptians, who believed it protected against nightmares and brought good fortune. Peridot is thought to inspire positivity, restful sleep, and harmony in relationships.
Peridot jewelry is a favorite for August birthdays, sixteenth anniversaries, or as a summer-inspired gift. Its lively color looks striking in simple studs, elegant pendants, or halo rings—perfect for anyone needing a little extra light and optimism.
Peridot Color Range
Peridot Origins
Major sources include the United States (Arizona), Myanmar (Burma), China, Pakistan, and Vietnam.
When to Give Peridot
Spinel, newly recognized as an August birthstone, is celebrated for its resilience, energy, and diversity. In history, red spinel was often mistaken for ruby—even adorning royal crowns! Today, it’s prized for its bright luster and spectrum of colors, making it a modern favorite for expressing individuality and joy.
Spinel jewelry is perfect for August birthdays, milestone gifts, or anyone who loves a pop of unexpected color. Choose from red, pink, blue, lavender, or even black spinel for unique rings, stackable bands, and playful pendants.
Spinel Color Range
Spinel Origins
Key sources include Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Tanzania, and Tajikistan.
When to Give Spinel
Sardonyx, August’s classic birthstone, stands for courage, eloquence, and protection. This striking banded stone—layered with reddish-brown sard and contrasting white or black onyx—was a favorite of Roman soldiers, who wore it for strength in battle and persuasive speech. Today, sardonyx is a unique choice for those seeking stability and confidence.
Sardonyx jewelry makes a thoughtful gift for August birthdays, graduations, or anyone who could use a boost of bravery and self-expression. Look for beaded bracelets, intaglio rings, or cameo pendants that highlight its distinctive stripes.
Sardonyx Color Range
Sardonyx Origins
Major sources are India, Brazil, Madagascar, Uruguay, Russia, and the United States.
When to Give Sardonyx
September’s Sapphire is a symbol of wisdom, loyalty, and truth. Cherished since antiquity, sapphires were believed to protect wearers from harm, envy, and even poison. The classic deep blue sapphire is iconic, but this precious stone actually comes in a stunning rainbow of hues (except red—those are rubies). Sapphires have long been a favorite of royalty and romantics, signifying sincerity and trust.
Sapphire jewelry is especially popular for September birthdays and fifth or forty-fifth anniversaries, as well as engagement rings. Blue sapphires remain timeless, but pink, yellow, and even green sapphires are perfect for anyone who loves a pop of color or wants to express their unique style. Popular gifts include solitaire pendants, stud earrings, and three-stone rings.
Sapphire Color Range
Sapphire Origins
Major sources include Sri Lanka, Myanmar (Burma), Madagascar, Thailand, Australia, and the United States (Montana).
When to Give Sapphire
October’s Opal dazzles with shifting flashes of color, symbolizing hope, creativity, and passion. No two opals are exactly alike—their famous “play of color” can show every shade of the rainbow. Throughout history, opals were thought to bring luck and spark inspiration. Today, they're treasured as a one-of-a-kind gift for anyone with a vibrant spirit or October birthday.
Opal jewelry is popular for October birthdays and fourteenth anniversaries, or as a gift to celebrate imagination and self-expression. Classic choices include pendant necklaces, cabochon rings, and artistic earrings that showcase opal’s brilliant, ever-changing color.
Opal Color Range
Opal Origins
The vast majority of precious opal is mined in Australia (notably Lightning Ridge, Coober Pedy, Queensland), with smaller deposits found in Ethiopia, Mexico, and the United States (Nevada).
When to Give Opal
October’s alternate stone, Tourmaline, is famous for its dazzling spectrum of colors—legend says it “traveled along a rainbow” before landing on earth. Tourmaline symbolizes compassion, healing, and joy, and is thought to inspire confidence and openness in the wearer. Watermelon tourmaline (pink and green in one stone) is especially sought after for its unique, playful look.
Tourmaline jewelry is a lively choice for October birthdays and eighth anniversaries, or for anyone who loves bold color and positive energy. Popular styles include colorful stackable rings, drop earrings, and pendants that let you show off your favorite tourmaline shade.
Tourmaline Color Range
Tourmaline Origins
Tourmaline is mined worldwide, with top-quality stones from Brazil, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Mozambique, Madagascar, and the United States (California and Maine).
When to Give Tourmaline
November’s Citrine shines with sunny, golden hues and is celebrated as a stone of joy, abundance, and positivity. Sometimes called the “light maker,” citrine is said to carry the warmth and energy of the sun, dispelling negativity and brightening even the gloomiest autumn days. Citrine has long been given to inspire optimism, creativity, and personal success.
Citrine jewelry is especially popular for November birthdays and thirteenth anniversaries. Thoughtful gift ideas include citrine pendant necklaces, delicate earrings, and statement cocktail rings—each showcasing its signature golden glow.
Citrine Color Range
Citrine Origins
Citrine is mainly sourced from Brazil, with notable deposits in Spain, Madagascar, Russia, the United States (Colorado), and Bolivia.
When to Give Citrine
Topaz is November’s classic alternative, prized for its brilliance and wide color range. While yellow and golden topaz are traditional, this gem also occurs in blue, pink, peach, orange, and even colorless varieties. Topaz is seen as a stone of strength, love, and good fortune—historically believed to calm tempers and foster wisdom. Blue topaz, in particular, is popular for modern jewelry lovers.
Topaz jewelry makes a vibrant gift for November birthdays, fourth anniversaries, or anyone in need of inspiration and renewal. Popular styles include topaz studs, halo pendants, and eye-catching cocktail rings.
Topaz Color Range
Topaz Origins
Major sources for topaz include Brazil (especially Minas Gerais), Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Russia, and the United States (Utah, Texas, California).
When to Give Topaz
December’s Blue Topaz shines as a symbol of clarity, serenity, and inspiration. Its brilliant blue hues—ranging from pale sky to deep London blue—make it a favorite for those seeking peace and positive energy. Traditionally believed to calm the mind, encourage communication, and bring joy, blue topaz jewelry is an uplifting choice for winter birthdays and milestone celebrations.
Blue Topaz jewelry is especially popular for December birthdays and fourth anniversaries. Consider sparkling blue topaz earrings, elegant pendants, or stackable rings to brighten the season.
Blue Topaz Color Range
Blue Topaz Origins
Major sources include Brazil, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Russia, and the United States (Texas, Utah, Colorado).
When to Give Blue Topaz
Turquoise is December’s classic gemstone, prized for its vibrant blue-to-green color and ancient symbolism. Seen as a stone of good fortune and protection, turquoise has adorned jewelry, amulets, and royal regalia for millennia. It's especially beloved for Southwest-inspired pieces and boho-chic designs.
Turquoise jewelry is a meaningful gift for December birthdays, adventure seekers, and those who love unique, natural beauty—think turquoise pendants, bold cuffs, or classic inlay rings.
Turquoise Color Range
Turquoise Origins
Turkey, Iran, Egypt, and the southwestern United States (notably Arizona and Nevada) are classic sources. Modern turquoise also comes from China and Mexico.
When to Give Turquoise
Zircon is the oldest known mineral on Earth, and December’s most sparkling alternative. Blue is the most popular, but zircon also occurs in white, yellow, orange, red, and green. This brilliant gem is often mistaken for diamond due to its fire and luster. In folklore, zircon symbolizes wisdom, prosperity, and restful sleep.
Zircon jewelry is a vibrant pick for December birthdays or anyone who loves dazzling brilliance—think zircon halo pendants, stacking bands, or cocktail rings.
Zircon Color Range
Zircon Origins
Major sources include Cambodia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Australia, and Tanzania.
When to Give Zircon
Tanzanite is December’s modern favorite, famed for its mesmerizing blue-violet color. Discovered only in 1967 in Tanzania, this gem’s rare beauty has made it a sensation for new beginnings, luxury, and transformation. Its color shifts from deep indigo to violet depending on the light—a one-of-a-kind look for winter celebrations.
Tanzanite jewelry is cherished for December birthdays and 24th anniversaries, and makes a memorable gift for those embracing change or wanting something truly unique. Popular pieces include tanzanite pendants, drop earrings, and bold statement rings.
Tanzanite Color Range
Tanzanite Origins
Found only in the Mererani Hills of northern Tanzania—the world’s sole source.
When to Give Tanzanite
Alexandrite is a rare, color-change variety of chrysoberyl (BeAl2O4). It exhibits a dramatic shift from bluish green in daylight to purplish red under incandescent light—a phenomenon caused by complex light absorption due to trace chromium.
Durable for daily wear. Clean with warm soapy water; avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners if heavily fractured.
Alexandrite Properties:
Alexandrite Color Range:
Amethyst is the violet-to-purple variety of quartz (SiO2). Its color results from trace amounts of iron and natural irradiation. Amethyst is prized for its clarity and range of hues, from pale lavender to deep reddish purple. It is transparent to translucent and is commonly faceted or cut en cabochon for jewelry.
Amethyst is durable enough for daily wear. Clean with warm, soapy water; ultrasonic cleaners are usually safe, but avoid excessive heat and prolonged sunlight, which may cause fading.
Amethyst Properties:
Amethyst Color Range:
Aquamarine is the blue to blue-green variety of beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18). Its color is due to trace amounts of iron, and stones range from pale blue to deep greenish blue. Aquamarine is highly transparent, has a vitreous luster, and is usually free of visible inclusions.
Major sources include Brazil (the world’s largest producer), Nigeria, Madagascar, Zambia, Pakistan, Mozambique, and the United States (notably Colorado and Wyoming).
Aquamarine Properties:
Aquamarine Color Range:
Diamond is a crystalline form of pure carbon (C), renowned for its unmatched hardness and brilliant luster. It is the hardest natural material, rated at 10 on the Mohs scale, making it exceptionally durable for all types of jewelry.
While diamonds are often prized for their "colorless" appearance, perfectly colorless stones are rare. Most natural diamonds display a subtle range from colorless (D–F) to light yellow or brown. “Fancy color” diamonds also occur in rare hues such as blue, green, pink, orange, and even red, but these are highly unusual and extremely valuable.
Diamond Properties:
Diamond Color Range:
Black diamonds are a polycrystalline variety of diamond, composed almost entirely of carbon (C). Their dark color is due to a dense concentration of microscopic inclusions—usually graphite, pyrite, or hematite—throughout the crystal, which gives them an opaque, black appearance. Black diamonds are found in both natural and treated forms, with most commercial stones treated to enhance color.
Black Diamond Properties:
Black Diamond Color Range:
Lab grown diamonds are crystalline carbon gemstones produced in controlled laboratory conditions using either High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) or Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) processes. Physically, chemically, and optically, they are identical to natural diamonds, with the same structure, brilliance, and hardness.
Lab Grown Diamond Properties:
Lab Grown Diamond Color Range:
Emerald is the vibrant green to bluish-green variety of beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18), colored primarily by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium. Emeralds are prized for their saturated color, but most contain inclusions or surface fissures, commonly referred to as the stone’s “jardin.” Their relative softness and internal features mean care is required during setting and wear.
Major sources include Colombia (notably Muzo and Chivor), Zambia, Brazil, Zimbabwe, and Afghanistan. Most emeralds are cut in a rectangular step shape, known as the emerald cut, to enhance color and minimize stress on the stone.
Emerald Properties:
Emerald Color Range:
Garnet refers to a group of closely related silicate minerals that occur in a wide spectrum of natural colors. While deep red is the most familiar, garnets can also be green, orange, purple, pink, brown, and even black. Major gem varieties include almandine, pyrope, spessartine, grossular, and andradite. Garnet has been used since ancient times and is valued for its durability, brilliance, and diversity.
Garnets are typically transparent to translucent, with no cleavage, and are suitable for most jewelry types. Major sources include Africa (notably Tanzania, Namibia, Madagascar), India, Sri Lanka, Brazil, the United States, and Russia.
Garnet Properties:
Garnet Color Range:
Lapis lazuli is a deep-blue metamorphic rock prized as a semi-precious stone. It’s primarily composed of the mineral lazurite (Na3Ca(Al3Si3O12)S), with calcite, pyrite, and minor minerals as common inclusions. It has been used as a gemstone, pigment, and ornamental material for thousands of years.
Lapis is typically an intense royal blue, often flecked with gold-colored pyrite and sometimes white streaks of calcite. It is usually opaque and is cut as cabochons, beads, and inlays.
Lapis Lazuli Properties:
Lapis Lazuli Color Range:
Moonstone is a gem-quality variety of the mineral feldspar, primarily orthoclase (KAlSi3O8) and sometimes albite. Its signature optical effect—called adularescence—is a soft, billowy light that floats across the stone’s surface, caused by light scattering between microscopic layers of feldspar.
Moonstone is typically translucent to semi-transparent. It is most often cut en cabochon to best display its glow. The finest moonstones have a colorless body with strong blue sheen, but stones also appear in gray, peach, brown, yellow, and even rainbow varieties.
Moonstone Properties:
Moonstone Color Range:
Morganite is the pink to peach-colored variety of beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18), the same mineral family as emerald and aquamarine. Its color comes from trace amounts of manganese. Morganite is prized for its clarity, durability, and attractive pastel hues, making it especially popular in engagement rings and fashion jewelry.
Morganite Properties:
Morganite Color Range:
Onyx is a banded variety of chalcedony, a cryptocrystalline form of silica (SiO2). While pure black onyx is highly sought after for jewelry, natural onyx typically features parallel layers of black and white, with solid black stones commonly produced by dyeing agate. Onyx is opaque with a waxy luster and is valued for beads, cameos, and inlay work.
Onyx Properties:
Onyx Color Range:
Opal is a hydrated amorphous form of silica (SiO2·nH2O), prized for its unique play-of-color—an optical effect resulting from the diffraction of light by microscopic silica spheres. Opal can be transparent, translucent, or opaque, and comes in a broad range of body colors, including white, black, gray, orange (“fire opal”), and blue-green. Black opal, mainly from Australia, is the rarest and most valuable. The gem is relatively soft and sensitive to sudden temperature change, impact, and chemicals.
Opal Properties:
Opal Color Range:
Pearl is an organic gemstone formed inside the soft tissue of living shelled mollusks, mainly oysters and mussels. Natural pearls occur when an irritant becomes trapped inside the mollusk, which then coats it with layers of aragonite and conchiolin, creating a lustrous sphere or shape. Most pearls on the market today are cultured. Pearls can be spherical, oval, or baroque (irregular). They are valued for their luster, surface quality, size, shape, and orient (iridescence).
Pearl Properties:
Pearl Color Range:
Peridot is the gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine, with a distinct olive-green color caused by iron content in its crystal structure. Unlike many gemstones, peridot naturally occurs in only one color spectrum—ranging from yellow-green to olive to brownish-green, depending on iron concentration. Notably, peridot can be found in volcanic rocks (basalt), mantle xenoliths, and, very rarely, in some pallasite meteorites.
Peridot Properties:
Peridot Color Range:
Rhodolite is a rose-red to purplish-red variety of garnet, belonging to the pyrope–almandine series. Its name is derived from the Greek word rhodon, meaning “rose-like,” reflecting its vibrant color. Unlike many garnets, rhodolite typically exhibits excellent transparency and few inclusions, making it highly desirable for faceted jewelry. Its color range is due to a specific mix of magnesium and iron in its chemical structure.
Rhodolite Properties:
Rhodolite Color Range:
Ruby is the red variety of the mineral corundum (Al2O3), colored by trace amounts of chromium. Only corundum with sufficient red saturation qualifies as ruby; lighter shades are classified as pink sapphire. Rubies are highly prized for their intense color, durability, and rarity. The finest rubies are known for their vivid “pigeon’s blood” red, a term describing a pure, vibrant red with a hint of blue.
Ruby Properties:
Ruby Color Range:
Sapphire is the gem-quality variety of corundum (Al2O3), second only to diamond in hardness. While blue is the most well-known hue, sapphires actually occur in every color except red (which is classified as ruby). Non-blue sapphires are called “fancy sapphires.” Sapphires are valued for their durability, brilliance, and broad color range.
Sapphire Properties:
Sapphire Color Range:
Spinel is a gem-quality oxide mineral with the formula MgAl2O4. Often confused with ruby and sapphire in history, spinel occurs in a wide range of vivid colors. It is valued for its excellent hardness, high clarity, and strong, saturated hues. Major sources include Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and Tanzania.
Spinel Properties:
Spinel Color Range:
Tanzanite is a blue to violet variety of the mineral zoisite (Ca2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH)), found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. It is prized for its intense trichroic color, which ranges from blue to violet to burgundy depending on viewing angle and lighting. Most tanzanite on the market is heat treated to produce its signature blue-violet hue.
Tanzanite Properties:
Tanzanite Color Range:
Topaz is an aluminum fluoro-silicate mineral (Al2SiO4(F,OH)2) prized for its excellent clarity and range of colors. While naturally occurring topaz is most commonly colorless, yellow, or brown, it can also be found in shades of blue, pink, orange, green, and even red—though many colors result from treatments such as irradiation and heat. The most valuable “Imperial Topaz” is a rich golden orange to pinkish-orange hue.
Topaz Properties:
Topaz Color Range:
Tourmaline is a group of boron silicate minerals with a complex and variable chemical formula, most commonly represented as (Na,Ca)(Mg,Li,Al,Fe,Mn)3Al6(BO3)3Si6O18(OH)4. It is prized in the jewelry trade for its extensive color range—including green, pink, red, blue, brown, black, colorless, and even multi-colored crystals (such as "Watermelon Tourmaline," which displays a green rim and pink core). Tourmaline crystals are usually elongated and vertically striated, with strong pleochroism (color changes when viewed from different angles).
Tourmaline Properties:
Tourmaline Color Range:
Turquoise is an opaque, copper-aluminum phosphate mineral (CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O), valued for its distinctive blue to blue-green color, which is caused by trace amounts of copper (blue) and iron (greenish tones). It often forms in arid climates and is commonly found in nodular, vein, or massive forms, sometimes with a black, brown, or gray matrix.
Turquoise Properties:
Turquoise Color Range:
Zircon is a natural zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4) and one of the oldest known minerals on Earth. Highly refractive and often heat-treated to enhance color, zircon is best known for its vivid sky blue variety, but it also occurs in colorless, golden, red, brown, green, and orange hues. Its strong dispersion (“fire”) gives cut stones brilliance similar to diamonds, making zircon a popular and affordable choice for jewelry.
Zircon Properties:
Zircon Color Range:
